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Bone char, also known as bone black, ivory black, animal charcoal, or abaiser, is a granular material produced by charring animal bones: the bones are heated to high temperatures (in the range of 400 to 500 °C) in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere to control the quality of the product as related to its adsorption capacity for applications such as defluoridation of water and removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.The quality of the bone char can be easily determined by its color. Black charcoals are usually undercharred bones that still contain organic impurities which may impart undesired odor and color to treated waters. White bone chars are overcharred bones that present low fluoride removal capacity. Grey-brownish bone char are the best quality chars for adsorption applications. The quality of the bone chars is usually controlled by the amount of oxygen present in the charring atmosphere. It consists mainly of calcium phosphate and a small amount of carbon. Bone chars usually have lower surface area than activated carbons, but presents high adsorptive capacities for copper, zinc, and cadmium[1][2]
Uses[]
Bone char is used to remove fluoride from water and to filter aquarium water.
It is often used in the sugar refining industry for decolorizing[3] (a process patented by Louis Constant in 1812).[citation needed]
It is used to refine crude oil in the production of petroleum jelly.
Bone char is also used as a black pigment. It is sometimes used for artistic painting because it is the deepest available black, though charcoal black is often satisfactory and is more often used. Ivory black is an artists' pigment formerly made by grinding charred ivory in oil. Today it is considered a synonym for bone char. Ivory is no longer used because of the expense, and because animals who are natural sources of ivory are subject to international control as endangered species.
Historical production in the USA[]
During the settlement of the American mid-West in the late 19th Century a large number of buffalo bones, artifacts of an earlier extinction campaign, were a nuisance to the new inhabitants. One way to dispose of them was to sell them for industrial use for around $10 per ton. The payment to bone pickers was often for goods or services rather than cash.
By the end of the 1890s there were fewer remaining buffalo bones and so bone pickers began to raid Indian burial grounds. This practice was eventually stopped after some controversy.[4]
See also[]
References[]
- ↑ Wilson, J.A., Pulford, I.D. and Thomas, S. (2003). "Sorption of Cu and Zn by bone charcoal". Error: journal= not stated 25: 51–56. Environmental Geochemistry and Health.
- ↑ Choy, K.K.H. and McKay, G. (2005). "Sorption of metal ions from aqueous solution using bone char". Error: journal= not stated 31: 845–854. Environment International.
- ↑ Yacoubou, MS, Jeanne (2007). "Is Your Sugar Vegan? An Update on Sugar Processing Practices" (PDF). Vegetarian Journal 26 (4): 16–20. Baltimore, MD: The Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
- ↑ Ebonex Corp. History. Ebonex Corp. (2006). Retrieved on 2008-04-27.
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